Leo Tolstoy
1828–1910
Leo Tolstoy was a Russian novelist, moral philosopher, and social reformer. Born into the aristocracy, he fought in the Crimean War before producing War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878), widely considered the two greatest novels ever written. In his later years he underwent a religious crisis, renounced his wealth and novels alike, and became a prophet of pacifism and simple living whose influence reached Gandhi, Wittgenstein, and Orwell.
Works
Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina abandons her husband and son for a passionate affair with Count Vronsky, setting in motion a tragedy of inexorable social and moral consequence. Published in serial form in 1878, Tolstoy's novel is one of the supreme achievements of realist fiction.
The Death of Ivan Ilyich
A high-court judge confronts a slow, painful death and is forced to examine whether his entire successful life has been a lie. Tolstoy's 1886 novella is the most devastating short work in Russian literature — a compressed, ferocious assault on bourgeois self-deception.
War and Peace
Set against the backdrop of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, Tolstoy's 1869 novel follows five aristocratic families across fifteen years of war, love, and transformation. At over half a million words, it is one of the longest and most ambitious works of fiction ever written.